The article was initiated by the post-positivist revolution that took place in the second half of the 20th century and was marked by a call to turn to the richest material in the history of science. In our time, questions about the benefits of philosophy, about how philosophy and the history of science relate do not lose their relevance. The author tries to link specific historical and scientific research with philosophical reflection in terms of clarifying the issues: what is science, when science appears, where the line separating science from non-science is and what is the driving force behind its development. The author analyzes the reasons for the emergence of a historiographical tradition counting the history of the formation of rational thinking since ancient times. The author identifies the main plot trajectories responsible for the final result — the formation of rational thinking, which formed the basis of classical science, and clarifies a point having significant epistemic meaning — the emergence of ideas about the existence of different ontological regions: the division of knowledge into φύσις — επιστήμη — τέχνη — εμπειρία.
philosophy of science, aporia, mythological worldview, logos, physis, cosmos, theory, techne, empyria, epagogue, episteme
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